汽车“黑科技”简史(三)——再见,托森,再见!
电子化程度越来越高是汽车技术发展总体趋势,但在,电器化元件逐渐取代纯机械化元件的过程中,总有一些精妙的机械机构让车迷朋友们留恋不已,在多片离合差速器已成为托森差速器就是一个最让人不舍存在。
从大名鼎鼎的奥迪Quattro,到遍布全球各个角落的丰田Land Cruiser,托森差速器往往与最顶尖的全时四驱系统联系到一起,而不为人知的是,在传奇的本田S2000跑车上,后桥用的就是托森差速器。在头文字D中,S2000因车手的身体不适而惜败于带主角光环的AE86,但这并不妨碍S2000成为剧中的BOSS级角色。S2000优秀的弯道性能其实与托森差速器有着分不开的关系——托森差速器的性能相较AE86上采用的圆锥齿轮限滑差速器要好很多。
精妙的机械
谈及托森差速器的工作原理,很多人在初次接触的时候难免会一头雾水,但在茅塞顿开之后,大家都会不禁感叹于这套机构的精妙。总的来说,差速器的主要作用是通过内部元件的转动,来抵消前后轮或左右轮之间不可避免的转速差,而在普通的开放式差速器上,当任何一侧车轮失去附着力后,开放式差速器就会使这一侧车轮处于空转,而有附着力的车轮却无法获得如何动力。为应对这种问题,限滑差速器被发明出来,托森差速器就属于限滑差速器的一种。
托森结构由美国人Vernon Gleasman在1958年发明。托森音译自英文“Torsen”,是“Torque-sensing Traction”的缩写,字面意思是“扭矩感应牵引”。虽然字面中有“sensing”、“感应”等单词,但托森却是一套纯机械的机构,它的精妙之处就在于,它运用蜗轮蜗杆高速传动时会出现“自锁”的特点,能够实现差速器的高效限滑。
蜗轮蜗杆结构,这套结构的特点是“转不快”——当蜗轮蜗杆的转速增高时,齿面会产生巨大的摩擦力,这就是蜗轮蜗杆的“自锁”现象,托森差速器就是利用这一原理实现差速器的限滑。
托森差速器目前主要有三种不同结构,分别是A、B、C型,而下面的动图中就是结构最经典的A型,动图中的状态为差速器两端的速度相同的情况,此时,差速器涡轮蜗杆间不产生相对运动。
而在差速器两端产生速差,比如一侧车轮陷入泥坑,完全失去附着力,此时,没有附着力的车轮将发生空转(下图右侧),差速器两端的涡轮蜗杆将在直齿轮的带动下产生相对运动,而由于涡轮蜗杆天生的“自锁”特点,空转将很快得到抑制。
一般情况下,由于涡轮蜗杆不能像多片离合器那样完全锁死,所以A型托森差速器最多只能实现2.5:1的两侧动力分配,而随着托森差速器结构的不断优化。虽然在工作原理上,所有的托森差速器都是依靠涡轮蜗杆传动的自锁性质来工作的,但根据车型的不同,现在的托森差速器已拥有了多种变形。所以,虽然每一台奥迪四驱车车尾都标着“Quattro”,但它们的托森差速器结构及性能可能有着很大的差异。
不同于早期A型用于轮间差速,新型的托森差速器融入了行星齿轮结构,结构更加稳定;更重要的是,在涡轮蜗杆自锁效应的基础上,新型托森差速器还内置了摩擦片,动力分配能力更加强大。
逃不过的电子
电器化是汽车技术发展的总体趋势,纯机械结构的托森差速器虽然在不断优化,但也注定逃脱不了逐渐没落的命运。相比电子化程度更高的多片离合差速器,托森差速器最大的缺点莫过于工作过程中存在较大摩擦,并导致动力损耗;同时,多片离合差速器能实现动力全部向任意一段输出,而托森差速器很难做到这一点;更重要的是,随着电控系统的不断完善,很多多片离合差速器对车轮打滑的介入速度已明显快于托森差速器了。
目前,托森差速器均由日本捷太格特(JTEKT)公司研发,随着托森差速器潜能被逐渐发掘殆尽,各个汽车厂商也正在失去对它的兴趣。在近几年上市的一些奥迪车上,奥迪自主研发的冠状齿轮差速器已开始大行其道,有的车型甚至直接采用了多片离合差速器。虽然在一段时间内,托森差速器依然会和高性能四驱系统挂钩,但这也仅仅是英雄暮年的壮心未已了。
原创文章,作者:cesifu,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.cesifu.com/article/6612.html
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