1. 故障现象
一辆行驶了133500km 的上海通用别克英朗轿车,因动力系统故障进厂维修,车主反映发动机故障灯点亮。
2. 故障诊断与排除
接车后,对车辆进行试车,发动机怠速运转正常。连接故障诊断仪进行电脑检测,显示故障码:P0016,曲轴位置–进气凸轮轴位置不合理;P0017,曲轴位置–排气凸轮轴位置不合理,故障状态为当前。
查阅维修手册有关故障码的解释,发动机运行时,凸轮轴位置执行器系统启用发动机控制模块(ECM)以改变凸轮轴正时,来自发动机控制模块的进气和排气凸轮轴位置执行器电磁阀的信号,是经过脉宽调制(PWM)的信号。发动机控制模块通过控制电磁阀的接通时间,以控制进气和排气凸轮轴位置执行器电磁阀的占空比。进气和排气凸轮轴位置执行器电磁阀用控制机油流量施加压力的方法控制凸轮轴的提前或延迟。发动机控制模块使用曲轴位置传感器、进气和排气凸轮轴位置执行器电磁阀传感器信息来监测曲轴和凸轮轴位置之间的相关性。
设置故障诊断码的条件:发动机控制模块检测到进气或排气凸轮轴位置执行器电磁阀相对于曲轴有大于10°的提前或10°的延迟。在设置故障诊断码前,用一个故障诊断仪观察期望和实际的凸轮轴角度参数,可能有助于排除故障是否由某一个特定的凸轮轴或曲轴正时造成的。
以下情况也可能导致此故障诊断码设置:
(1)凸轮轴位置执行器电磁阀控制电路对搭铁短路。
(2)检查发动机最近是否进行了机械系统的维修。凸轮轴、凸轮轴执行器、凸轮轴位置传感器、曲轴位置传感器或正时皮带安装不当。
(3)曲轴端隙过大会导致设置此故障诊断码。
(4)凸轮轴执行器处于最大提前或延迟位置。
(5)曲轴变磁阻转子与上止点(TDC)的相关性被改变。
根据维修手册上的故障码诊断信息进行分析,此发动机的配气相位存在问题。如果当配气相位偏差较大时,发动机的真空度会低于正常值(国标规定57~71kPa),为了便于操作,首先观察进气压力传感器(MAP)的数据,根据“大气压力=进气压力+真空度的绝对值”的公式,数据流显示大气压力100kPa(正常);进气压力32kPa(正常)。本着由外到内的原则,外围已经检查完毕,开始对正时系统拆检。拆下正时侧盖,用专用工具校对正时齿轮记号,结果正常(图1);拆下气门室盖,用专用工具校对凸轮轴位置,结果正常(图2)。
图1:校对正时齿轮记号
图2:校对凸轮轴位置
至此维修陷入僵局。将车辆状态恢复,在发动机怠速运转时,重新查看数据流时发现故障码P0016和P0017的故障状态是当前,故障码无法清除。查看手册关于发动机VVT系统的工作特点,见下表。
发动机VVT系统的工作特点
根据上表的内容分析,VVT系统在发动机怠速运转时是不参与工作的,排除了VVT执行器出问题的可能,而同时显示进气和排气两侧的故障很有可能是曲轴位置传感器信号和实际的曲轴正时位置不同步造成的。查看此车的维修记录,发现此车在过保后便再也没有在4S店做过维修和保养。此故障出现前一个月,在一家修理厂更换过正时皮带,行驶大约200km后故障灯点亮,为了解决故障已经先后在多家修理厂进行过维修和检测,一直都没有解决。通过与车主的沟通分析此故障的产生原因很有可能是人为造成的,加上之前的判断和分析,故障点被锁定在更换正时皮带时所拆装过的零部件。对张紧器进行检查(正常),对正时惰轮检查(正常),当检查到曲轴皮带轮的时候发现花键槽磨损严重,表面已经呈现出金属的光泽(图3),检查曲轴皮带轮的背面发现有曲轴正时齿轮的印痕(图4)。
图3:花键槽磨损严重
图4:背面有曲轴正时齿轮的印痕
在检查曲轴正时齿轮和曲轴花键槽时发现惊奇一幕,正时齿轮和曲轴上的花键槽均磨掉一块(图5)。
图5:正时齿轮和曲轴上的花键槽被磨损
至此故障原因已经找到,并跟之前的分析是一致的。此时有两种维修方案:
方案一:由于此车行驶里程较高,加之来4S店保养记录不全,同时为了保证一次性修复率,建议更换原厂发动机曲轴、曲轴正时齿轮、曲轴皮带轮和大、小瓦轴承,以及在修理厂更换的非原厂正时皮带和涨紧轮。由于费用较高车主表示不能接受。
方案二:为了降低维修费用,更换原厂曲轴正时齿轮、曲轴皮带轮、正时皮带和张紧轮,同时对曲轴花键槽进行机加工修复。此方案没有质保,但车主同意接受本方案。
车辆修复竣工清除故障码后,进行路试车辆各功能使用正常,路试结束后电脑检测无故障码,发动机数据流显示无异常,故障彻底排除。
3. 维修小结
在对故障车辆进行诊断时,往往是人为的故障最难诊断,因其没有规律可循。只能凭借对故障元件的测量和对数据的分析进行判断。在维修后不禁要思考,曲轴和正时齿轮为什么花键会磨损呢?这个问题不难分析,由于在更换正时皮带时曲轴皮带轮没有对准花键槽便被安装上了,再加上螺钉没有紧到规定的力矩,行驶里程稍长便导致了元件的异常磨损和变形。这是一个由路边修理厂的修理工制造的故障,建议广大车主尽量多选择去正规的4S店进行维修和保养,千万不要等故障解决不了再来4S店维修,到时候花费高昂的维修费用就得不偿失了。
原创文章,作者:cesifu,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.cesifu.com/article/22507.html
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