汽车巡航控制系统又称为恒速控制系统、速度控制系统、自动驾驶系统,是根据驾驶员预先设定的行驶速度自动调节发动机节气门开度,改变发动机的动力输出,使车辆按设定速度匀速行驶的装置。
在汽车进行巡航行驶时,巡航控制系统能根据汽车行驶阻力的变化自动调节节气门开度,无需驾驶员频繁踩动油门踏板,这样就大大减轻了驾驶员的疲劳。
巡航控制系统的组成及工作原理
汽车巡航控制系统是闭环控制系统,主要由传感器(车速传感器、发动机转速传感器)、控制开关(巡航开关,主要开关速度设定开关)、汽车巡航控制单元和执行器等部件组成。在汽车巡航控制系统工作时,巡航控制单元通过对比速度设定开关设定的巡航速度与车速传感器输入的实际车速,计算出两个车速间的差值,确定节气门开度的大小,控制执行机构调节节气门开度的大小,将实际车速迅速调节到驾驶员设定的车速,实现汽车的恒速行驶。巡航控制系统工作原理如下图所示。
汽车巡航控制系统工作要满足两个条件:一是最低车速限制,一般的车型为40km/h,也有的车型有更高的车速要求;二是汽车要有一定的负载,即汽车的驱动轮要与地面相接触。若要是用举升机将驱动轮举起,则巡航控制系统不起作用。
巡航控制系统识图示例
一汽丰田皇冠汽车巡航控制系统的电路如下图所示。
1. 汽车巡航控制系统信号电路
(1)车速传感器信号电路
组合仪表盘→车速传感器→巡航控制单元端子20 →巡航控制单元
(2)节气门位置传感器信号电路
节气门位置传感器→巡航控制单元端子23 →巡航控制单元
(3)制动灯开关信号电路
当踩下制动器时,制动开关闭合,此时巡航控制单元→巡航控制单元端子1 →制动灯开关触点→巡航控制单元端子16 →巡航控制单元
(4)离合器开关信号电路
对于手动变速的车来讲,当离合器开关闭合时,离合器开关信号电路:蓄电池“+”→熔断器ALT→熔断器AMI→点火开关“START”触点→熔断器ST→离合器开关触点→巡航控制单元端子2 →巡航控制单元
(5)巡航开关信号电路
① 当巡航主开关按下时,巡航主开关信号电路:巡航控制单元→巡航控制单元端子4→巡航开关端子3→巡航主开关→巡航开关端子4此处分两路,一路经巡航控制单元端子GND接地,另一路直接通过车身搭铁接地。
② 当需要取消巡航控制时,按下取消巡航控制开关,此时取消巡航开关信号电路:巡航控制单元→巡航控制单元端子18→巡航开关端子2 → 68W电阻→130W电阻→220W电阻→取消巡航开关→巡航开关端子4 此处分两路,一路经巡航控制单元端子GND接地,另一种直接通过车身搭铁接地。
③ 当设置巡航开关按下时,设置巡航开关信号电路:巡航控制单元→巡航控制单元端子18→巡航开关端子2 → 68W电阻→130W电阻→设置巡航开关→巡航开关端子4此处分两路,一路经巡航控制单元端子GND接地,另一路直接通过车身搭铁接地。
④ 当按下恢复加速开关时,恢复加速开关信号电路:巡航控制单元→巡航控制单元端子18→巡航开关端子2 → 68W电阻→恢复加速开关→巡航开关端子4此处分两路,一路经巡航控制单元端子GND接地,另一路直接通过车身搭铁接地。
2. 汽车巡航控制系统执行机构电路
(1)电磁离合器线圈电路
电磁离合器线圈通电令电磁离合器接合,驱动电机的动力经电磁离合器传递驱动节气门打开或关闭。电磁离合器线圈电路:巡航控制单元→巡航控制单元端子10→制动灯开关常闭触点→电磁离合器线圈→接地
(2)驱动电机电路
电位计串联在驱动电机工作的电路中,在驱动电机工作时,电位计滑臂随减速机构、控制臂或拉索移动,将执行机构工作情况从端子25反馈给巡航控制单元。巡航控制单元根据反馈信号电压的高低即可诊断出执行机构是否发生故障,并将故障编成故障代码储存在巡航控制单元里。巡航控制单元的端子11 和12 分别通过二极管与驱动电机的两端相连,从而控制驱动电机正转、反转。
3. 巡航控制单元电路
(1)巡航控制单元电源电路
蓄电池“+”→熔断器ALT→熔断器MAIN→熔断器DOME→巡航控制单元端子15 →巡航控制单元
(2)巡航控制单元接地电路
巡航控制单元→巡航控制单元端子13 →接地
4. 巡航指示灯电路
当点火开关置于“ON”挡时,巡航指示灯电路:蓄电池“+”→熔断器ALT→熔断器AMI→点火开关“ON”触点→熔断器GAUGE→巡航指示灯→巡航控制单元端子5 →巡航控制单元。
5. 制动警告灯电路
6. 离合器开关电路
蓄电池“+” →熔断器ALT→熔断器AMI→点火开关触点→熔断器ST→离合器开关触点→巡航控制单元端子2 →巡航控制单元。
常见故障及排除
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