资料图。图/视觉中国
近日,广东省出台《完善促进消费体制机制实施方案》,提出9个方面29条举措激发消费潜力,方案要求优化汽车消费环境,逐步放宽广州、深圳市汽车摇号和竞拍指标,扩大准购规模,其他地市不得再出台汽车限购规定;珠三角互迁二手车,在过渡期可执行国五标准。
深圳市交通运输局对此回应称,深圳政策仍待进一步研究,目前没有新消息可以披露。
2018年下半年以来,全国消费形势低迷,在国际贸易环境不明朗的背景下,刺激消费对经济稳增长格外关键。早在去年9月,中共中央和国务院就印发文件,要求“完善促进消费体制机制”。如此来看,广东省新近的文件是中央文件精神在省级层面落地的结果。
汽车是最大宗的商品零售品类,据国家统计局的数据,汽车商品零售总额大约占商品零售消费的1/10以上,汽车工业的从业人员也占全部城镇就业的10%以上。但去年下半年,汽车销售同比增速转为负值,进而影响了整体的消费形势。2019年前四个月,汽车类消费是限额以上单位商品零售行业中唯一的负增长行业。汽车业上下游产业联动强,其兴衰影响着保险、维修、旅游、租赁等行业的发展。
汽车工业在经济生活中的角色也举足轻重。据国家统计局数据,2015年汽车商品零售总额为3.6万亿,约占全社会的12%,汽车工业增加值在全国GDP中占比从1996年的0.85%上升至2014年的1.44%。
汽车如此重要,所以其在国务院文件完善实物消费的章节中位列第一,仅排在住房租赁之后。据媒体报道,今年4月初,国家发改委内部下发征求意见稿,要求汽车限购城市增加指标供应,特定居民购买特定车型可享受购置税减半征收优惠等。在中央的这种政策环境下,广东省出台要求广深放宽汽车摇号和竞拍指标、扩大准购规模等举措自然也在意料之中。
2008年底,在四万亿投资计划实行后,中国经济持续了多年的快速增长,带动了居民收入的快速上涨,居民消费也保持了较快的增长,市场出现了普遍的消费升级需求,这是支撑白马股的基础之一。
但很多消费在提高效用的同时,也都有外部性或负面影响,如装潢的污染、能源的碳排放等。汽车作为家庭除住房之外的最大宗消费,其外部性更是显著,造成道路拥堵、小区和商业区停车位紧张等现象。
因此,汽车在攻城略地的同时,也遭遇了城市治理政策的阻击,从限制使用(限行、限牌)到限制购买(车牌额度控制)等。汽车消费需求越强的城市,往往城市规模也越大,因而对汽车购买和使用的限制也越多越严。
在居民消费意愿强劲的时代,对汽车的限制只会延缓销售增长,但汽车市场不至于萎缩。然而,当消费趋势整体低迷时,这些限购限行政策则显得雪上加霜。
从现实来看,最有消费能力的人仍然居住在大城市,放宽限制,让他们来消费,对于刺激汽车消费,进而稳定消费信心和预期,促进经济良性增长有着重要的意义。
值得一提的是,伴随着大数据、云计算等技术手段的不断成熟,精细化治理成为城市治理的主要思路。交通拥堵问题完全可以通过科学规划建设和管理城市道路、大数据治堵等精细化治理手段得到解决,不能总靠“限车”。
因此,广东此次出台的方案是一个积极的探索,也希望能成为一个良好的示范。
□聂日明(上海金融与法律研究院研究员)
编辑 李冰冰 校对 刘军
原创文章,作者:cesifu,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.cesifu.com/article/34714.html
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