又到了给大家讲汽车小百科的时间了，上一期强仔介绍了汽车的鼻祖，这期就正式的开始跟大家说说汽车的核心部件——发动机。
发动机的组成
发动机就相当于一台车的心脏，它是汽车行驶的动力来源。汽油与空气混合燃烧所产生的能量也是通过它才能转化成对应的机械能。现代的发动机都有很多的电控系统，而它的重要组成部分有两大机构和六大系统。
两大机构：曲柄连杆机构；配气机构。
六大系统：电控燃料供给；冷却；润滑；启动；点火；电源。
由于关于发动机的种类以及知识点非常多，我们今天就以四冲程发动机为例先来了解发动机工作的基本原理······
（发动机结构原理图）
四冲程
发动机之所以能够源源不断的提供动力，正式因为进气、压缩、做功、排气四个行程的循环运作。
（进气行程）
进气
简单理解就是空气和汽油进入燃烧室内的过程。
当进气行程开始时，活塞由上止点向下移动，这时候左边的进气门是打开的，混合油气由这里进入燃烧室。活塞向下移动，燃烧室内的体积也随之增大，此时存在轻微的真空，能够使外界的混合汽快速的进入缸内。当活塞移动到下止点，进气门关闭。
压缩
当活塞到底下止点时，由于惯性曲轴会带动活塞继续往上移动，这个时候气缸处于密闭状态，缸内的混合汽会因为体积变小而被压缩，压力会明显加大，温度也会上升。
（压缩行程）
当活塞移动到快要接近上止点时，这时候火花塞开始点火将混合汽点燃并释放出能量。由于是密闭空间，所以燃烧室内的气体不能快速膨胀，压力也就在这时候急剧增大。
做功
由于混合汽燃烧爆发出强大的内部压力，促使活塞向下移动，这时候做功行程正式开始。
燃烧室内的高压会向密闭空间内的所有边界面施加作用力，在作用力以及反作用力的情况下推动活塞向下移动。这个时候燃烧室内的体积不断增大，气体膨胀对其做功，压力也随之减小。混合汽燃烧产生的化学能就通过这种方式转化成了带动曲轴旋转的机械能。活塞被推动到下止点时，排气门会打开，这时候燃烧室内的压力降低为环境压力。
排气
当排气门打开的时候，活塞也正好处于下止点，由于惯性活塞会继续往上移动。
（排气行程）
由于排气门是关闭的，所以活塞会压缩缸内空气，将其排除燃烧室外，这时候压力会相应增大，最后又回到环境压力。
当活塞到达上止点时，排气门关闭，排气行程结束。然后又继续进气行程的往复循环运动。
今天的汽车小百科就说到这里，下一期将会给大家说说曲柄连杆机构相关的问题。下期见！
原创文章，作者：cesifu，如若转载，请注明出处：http://www.cesifu.com/article/34927.html
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