记者观察
本报记者 范媛
2019年过半,汽车销量持续下滑,仍旧没有止跌迹象。近日,乘用车市场信息联席会(以下简称“乘联会”)公布了中国最新乘用车销量数据:2019年5月上半月(1-17日),乘用车厂家零售销量同比下跌19%,厂家批发销量同比下跌36%。国家统计局5月27日公布的数据显示,今年1-4月份,汽车制造业利润下降25.9%。
此外,乘联会与威尔森联合作出了中国市场6、7月乘用车市场批发量预测报告,预计今年6月乘用车批发量预测值为159万辆,7月份为156万辆,整体将呈下滑趋势。
事实上,中国汽车行业并非特例,全球汽车行业都在感受到从2018年下半年以来的市场下行压力。在近6个月时间内,已有通用汽车、日产、本田、戴姆勒及特斯拉等多家汽车制造商先后公布了相关的减员计划,席卷全球大小车企的“裁员潮”正在到来。
下滑
2018年中国汽车行业产销量出现28年来的首次负增长。根据中国汽车工业协会数据显示,2018年行业总产量为2776万辆,同比下滑4.5%,总销量为2802万辆,同比下滑3.2%,其中狭义乘用车销量更是下降了5%。
2019年一季度,中国汽车行业包括上汽大众、一汽-大众、上汽通用等多家主流车企在内,均遭遇了累计销量的滑铁卢。更有甚者,一季度的销量降幅超过了70%。
从全球范围看,中国市场并非个例,美国、欧洲、日本、印度等其他汽车大市场也出现了不同程度的下滑,全球汽车市场都不景气。据美国咨询公司IHS统计的数据显示,2019年第一季度,全球汽车产销量下跌约7%,包括中国、美国及欧洲在内的三大汽车市场均出现同比下跌。
根据Kelly Blue Book报告数据显示,在2019年一季度惨淡收官之后,美国车市在4月份的表现依旧很低迷。4月美国汽车销售环比下滑6.1%至133万辆,创2011年5月以来最大月度跌幅,为2014年10月以来最低水平;与2018年同期相比,同比下跌4.3%,跌幅创8年来最大。
全球增长最快的主要经济体印度的车市也传来坏消息。印度汽车制造协会(SIAM)最新数据显示,印度4月乘用车销售同比下滑17.1%至247541辆,汽车销量下降近20%,而整体机动车销量下滑16%,创2011年10月以来新低。
绝大部分主流车企业绩也在发生下滑。奔驰今年一季度销量同比下滑3%,营业收入是212亿欧元,其同比下滑8%,而息税之前的利润是12.98亿元,其同比下滑37%。奥迪全球累计销量为44.725万辆,同比下滑3.6%,营业利润为11亿欧元,同比下滑15.38%。宝马集团向全球客户交付了605333辆BMW,MINI和Rolls-Royce品牌汽车,成为唯一一家增长的汽车品牌,但同比仅微增0.1%。
原因
国际评级公司惠誉认为,过去9个月中,全球汽车市场对全球经济产生实质性影响,全球汽车市场疲软是全球制造业下行的主要推手。
中国汽车工业协会认为,2019年4月汽车市场产销下滑的主要原因是消费信心不足。另外,受“国五”到“国六”标准切换以及对国家刺激消费政策期待等因素影响,消费者观望情绪明显。
机构分析普遍认为,美国市场下跌是受借贷成本挤压。随着美联储等全球央行货币正常化,利率开始不断上升,因此,对利率敏感的汽车行业开始出现大幅调整。而欧洲市场则是受更加严格新排放标准测试以及柴油价格下跌的影响,欧盟汽车销量连续四个月出现下滑。由于英国脱欧带来的不确定性,英国新车销量在2018年下降6.8%,创下自2008年金融危机以来最大年度跌幅。
看似不同经济体汽车销量下跌都有各自合理缘由,但其实,汽车消费和经济周期高度相关。
例如1997年的亚洲金融危机,使得韩国汽车销量创下历史最低增长,同时保有量也罕见地出现了唯一的一次下滑,危机之后又重拾增长。美国的乘用车销量的走势也与经济同样高度一致,2008年金融危机造成经济负增长后,2009年汽车销量延续了负增长,直到2010年才重拾增长。英国国家经济与社会研究所(NIESR)4月公布的报告称,全球经济的增长周期已经见顶;尽管今年世界经济仍将继续保持增长,但增速会略低于过去两年。
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