一、腐蚀磨损
燃油在发动机燃烧室燃烧后会产生许多有害物质,一般每100加仑汽油燃烧时会产生1-5磅的氮和硫酸,这些物质不仅会对气缸造成腐蚀,而且还会通过三道活塞环(顶、中、底环)窜到发动机中,对发动机的主要部件,如凸轮曲轴等造成金属腐蚀,这种腐蚀单靠使用润滑油是不能消除的。
二、锈蚀磨损
发动机在停机后,由高温冷却到低温,这个温度变化过程会使发动机内部产生水冷凝气以至积水。这会对发动机造成严重的金属锈蚀,特别是再次启动发动机短距离运转,发动机温度还来不及将水气蒸发掉时,情况就更为恶劣。这一点也是润滑油无法解决的。
三、灰尘造成的强磨损
发动机在燃烧时需要吸入空气,即使再好的空气过滤装置也很难绝对避免灰尘随空气吸入到发动机中。由于灰尘被吸入而造成强磨损,这种磨损是润滑油所不能完全消除的。特别是在我国干旱少雨、风沙大的地区,这种强磨损表现的就更为突出。
四、冷启动干摩擦
美国通用汽车公司的研究表明,当汽车发动机停转4个小时后,所有在摩擦界面上的润滑油都将回流到润滑油箱中。这时启动发动机,由于油泵还来不及将润滑油打到各润滑部位,短时间内会产生周期性润滑丧失的干摩擦,从而造成发动机严重的异常强磨损。这种强磨损是润滑油所根本无法解决的。
五、正常的磨损
发动机正常运转时产生的磨损。搞清楚发动机磨损的原因以后,也就清楚了润滑油在减少发动机磨损中所起的作用。同时也就清楚了使用抗磨保护产品对延长发动机使用寿命,保养发动机的重要性。
在实际使用过程中,人们往往希望获得综合性能优良的养护产品,这就要求选择多种添加剂,采用复配技术和配置工艺制造出具有广泛适用性的复合产品。开发一种好的复合配方绝非易事,对添加剂的使用主要依靠实验结果。其次,不同的添加剂之间有协同效应,可能是正效应,也可能是负效应,所以一种好的汽车养护用品需要对各种基础添加剂的性能充分了解,且需经过大量的实验室及道路实车实验。
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