子弹头这名字,一听就是满满的年代感,当今贯通南北纵横的高铁,放回到二十多年前,人们也会给它取个子弹头的昵称,这种的尖头的流线造型,二十多年前可是最具科技感的潮流设计。
提到子弹头,国内获得这独特的名字的经典车型曾经就有三款,有些路上依然还能见得到,有些则早已被我们遗忘。
没有它,就没有埃尔法
最让人熟知的子弹头,必然要数第一代丰田普瑞维亚,也就是俗称的大霸王。当年子弹头和大霸王这两个名字,均来自港台地区,与这款车一同被引入到国内,直到今天,依然有少量“幸存”下来。
在那个MPV还不知道为何物的上世纪90年代,面包车是国内最具都功能用途的车型,但这类车型的设计理念本来就比较低端,基本只考虑载人装货的用途,舒适性似乎与它毫无关系。但自从第一代丰田普瑞维亚被引入国内以后,人们终于见识到什么叫高端商旅车,它的地位完全就是今天的埃尔法。
其实,这款车当时是针对北美市场而设计,子弹头一样的流线形设计,跟当时造型粗犷的美式MPV相比,完全不是一种风格,它的风阻系数只有0.34Cd。
尽管它是主打北美市场,但依然有浓厚的日式设计风格。它的长宽高尺寸分别为4750/1800/1780mm,轴距为2860mm,体型相比那些没事MPV已经是小身材。但车小并不代表它的空间就很差,由于第一代普瑞维亚的发动机是以75°的角度躺在前排驾驶员位置的屁股下方,类似于传统面包车的布局。
并且,为了进一步压榨体积,它的散热系统及风扇、发电机、空调压缩机等部件全部放在车头的位置,通过传动轴与发动机相连,顺带解决了前排驾驶员位置高温不止的问题,呵护男性健康,提升乘坐舒适性。
它和面包车一样,采用后轮驱动的动力输出布局,但另外还有四驱的版本。代号2TZ-FE 2.4L自然吸气发动机,最大功率也就只有135马力,匹配4速自动或5速手动变速箱,虽然动力基本够用,但很难满足北美消费者的需求。于是后期丰田又推出了机械增压版本,最大功率提升至158马力。
但它与面包车的根本区别,在于它的车内质感。2+2+3的座椅布局,第二排座椅能够前后移动,甚至可以向后旋转,全平的地台可以从第一排畅通无阻地走到第三排,宽厚的座椅更高级,舒适程度更好,同时功能性还得到兼顾。大面积的前风挡、双天窗设计,让车内更敞亮,海湾形仪表台内饰造型,豪华感十足。
然而,这样的设计显然不能满足北美消费者的需求,可是在中国,当时却进口了不少,甚至成为豪华MPV的代表。如果没有第一代普瑞维亚,丰田恐怕不会知道豪华MPV该如何设计,也就不可能出现如今埃尔法这样的车型。
GL8它老爸
事实上,子弹头这个名字,并非由第一代丰田普瑞维亚首次使用,只不过普瑞维亚销量更好才更让人们所熟知罢了。最早称之为子弹头的车,其实是雪佛兰卢米娜APV(Lumina APV),俗称雪佛兰子弹头。APV实际是All Purpose Vehicle的缩写,尽管跟MPV叫法不同,但功能跟MPV完全是一码事。
那时候,通用旗下还有很多品牌,因此,雪佛兰卢米娜APV也有两款“三胞胎”车型,分别是庞蒂亚克Trans Sport和奥兹莫比尔Silhouette,当时这三款车都被引入到中国市场。但庞蒂亚克和奥兹莫比尔一直属于小众的高端品牌,价格比较贵,因此,售价相对接地气的雪佛兰,抢到了绝大部分的销量。
论造型,雪佛兰卢米娜APV用子弹头比丰田普瑞维亚更适合,因为它的车头倾斜度非常大,但车尾却一刀切一样垂直,更像一颗子弹头。尽管它是典型的美式MPV,车身尺寸也不小(长4933mm,宽1877mm),但它相对更轻巧,整备质量大约就1632-1769kg之间,颠覆我们对美系车重的观念。
其实,它的轻量化手段十分先进,卢米娜APV的车身覆盖件大量采用复合材料,不仅轻巧,而且弹性十足,撞坏了修复起来也更简单,而且防锈效果更好,因此特别耐用。另外,别看它的座位那么厚实,其实重量非常轻,每个座位只有15kg,第二三排座椅还可以拆下来,这样设计更便于搬走。
但可能是卖得比较便宜的缘故,它的发动机似乎不太给力,早期搭载的3.1L V6发动机,可能是一台假的V6发动机,最大功率只有120马力,而且只搭配3速自动变速箱,美国消费者绝对忍不了。但后来,雪佛兰给它增加一台动力更好但谈不上强劲的3.8L V6发动机,最大功率也只有165马力,匹配4速自动变速箱。
想到它的定位,美国消费者还是选择原谅它,毕竟这就是一台纯正的奶爸车,动力太强没地方用。它不仅配备有集成式儿童安全座椅,还有电侧滑门,都是家用专属的配置。不过,它的销量表现确实一般,7年下来累计为67.8万台。后来,雪佛兰卢米娜APV停产以后,它的替代车型Venture也接着诞生,它就是国内高端MPV销量无敌的别克GL8的原型,并创造了一段传奇。
二十多年前的“PPT造车”
近年中国汽车市场突然涌出一大批造车新势力,当然有不少属于“PPT造车”,表面上他们要造车,但最后不了了之。其实在二十多年前,PPT还没被发明出来的时候,已经有“PPT造车”。曾经昙花一现的中华子弹头,也属于这种类型。
1994年,有一家叫北京中华汽车制造有限公司正式成立,其实这只是丰台区的一个小作坊,没有任何流水线设备。尽管如此,创始人唐锦生却设计出一款叫做中华子弹头的车。
这款车长着旅行车的造型,很多设计元素其实借鉴了雪佛兰卢米娜APV,整台车实际上就是一台夏利换壳,不仅内饰跟夏利完全一样,还搭载夏利的三缸发动机。不过,它比夏利要轻不少,因为它的车身覆盖件很“超前”地采用了玻璃纤维材料。
由于这款车是“纯手工”打造,而且每块覆盖件的公差都很大,就算是新车,看起来就像开了十几年的QQ一样破旧,十分粗糙廉价。而且,它的后备箱根本没有尾门,宽敞的后备厢也只是摆设,实用性极差。
然而,早在1987年,唐锦生受邀到美国宣讲他的复合材料“淬火”理论,并让美国底特律众多科学家信服,获美国纽约第13届世界发明银奖。之后,中华子弹头不但获得全国科技博览会金奖,还开上青藏高原。而且,中华子弹头甚至还得到政府的支持,甚至一度成为北京的出租车,每购买5辆还可以获得1个出租车指标的奖励。
但政策扶持永远帮不了惨淡的市场表现,由于质量实在太糟糕,不仅出租车司机吐槽,乘客也感到很不满,产品根本无法获得消费者认可。最后,这款车以及这个品牌在无声无息之间,消失于人们的视野。
虽然我们无法得知这个品牌造车的真正目的,但它并没有一个系统完整的造车理念及生产研发过程,这样的品牌注定会被市场淘汰。很多“PPT造车”急于求成,快步上马,忽略很多汽车行业应该遵守的市场规律,在激烈是市场竞争中,这些品牌很难与对手进行对抗。
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