进气门为什么要比排气门大?工程师设计的每一样东西都是有其特殊的意义的,气门当然也如此。
气门由凸轮负责压开,气门弹簧负责关闭。当需要吸混合气进入气缸时,进气门便会打开;当需要排出燃烧后的废气时,排气门便会打开。
由于进气是被“吸”进去的,而排气是“推”出 去的,因此进气比排气更困难,而且进气越多,燃烧 得更好,发动机的性能也更好。 进气靠真空吸气,排气为挤压将废气推出。因此排气较进气容易。为了获得更多的新鲜空气参与燃烧,因此,需要更多的进气,为此,进气门就需要弄大点,而总体尺寸没有改变,排气门就只能做小点。因此,一般都将进气 门设计得比排气门大,以降低进气难度,提离进气量。 有的干脆多设计一个进气门,这才有了3气门(2进1 排}和5气门(3进2排)设计。
下面还有3个影响因素
(1)气流阻力影响:
从理论上讲充气量和排气量是相等的,排气门的开闭时间和进气门的开闭时间也是相等的。
但实际上不是这样,因为节气阀指挥着转速,阀门开闭有大有小,吸气完了时气缸中应充满了等于大气压力(约1公斤/平方厘米)的混合气。但当气体流过进气管道和进气阀时要受到阻力,为了克服这些阻力并使混合气能以一定速度流动,必须浪耗掉一部分压力,于是缸内的气压总是低于大气压力。气体密度是随着压力而变的,压力低密度也就减小,实际吸入混合气的重量就减少了。要解决和减少气流阻力的影响就得把进气阀处气流通路的截面积加大,即把气阀面积加大。在高原地区空气稀薄的情况下,进气通路的面积更要加大,否则发动机在这些地区根本达不到它的额定功率。
(2)发动机转速的影响:
在原机气道大小不变的情况下吸气压力还要按转速和负载而变化。在节气阀保持全开时转速因负载不同而变化。假设充气重量为1,转速从每分钟700转增至2100转时压力从0.95减至0.80,这就说明气缸内棍合气密度减小,气流跟不上充气量的需要。因为转速增加到三倍时,活塞运动速度也加快到三倍,气流速度也要加快到三倍才能保证有同样重量的气休进入气缸。但是由于高速时气道中姐力增大,故气流不能以同样比例增加。也就是减速时充气效果较佳,结果平均有效压力和扭力也较大(扭力和平均有效压力成正比)。
(3)进排气流的速度对比因素:
进入气缸的混合气是在活塞从上止点移到下止点时活塞行程容积形成真空(也就是气压差)时进入,这当然是活塞在先,气流在后,活塞行程的速度比气流流动的速度要快。当然进入气缸的新鲜混合气多一些自然是好,但气流的速度跟不上活塞行动的速度,这就 要给进气创造条件,将进气门加大到适应充气量的需要。
排气时排出的是气缸内的废气。自排由活塞工作行程下行约120’开始,180。后活塞开始上行,这时废气在前活塞在后,废气排出的速度在于活塞上行的速度,废气被迫而出,可以说活塞上行速度和排气速度是相等的,这就是排气门比进气门要小的原因。一般排气口径为进气口径的三分之二。排气门的口径是在不影响排气的情况下设计的。
这样可以知道,进气门之大是在可靠的范围内适应发动机充气量通过的需要,排气门小是在不影响排气量的情况下尽量缩小。
另外排气的通道比进气的通道条件优越,故此进排气门相比就显得进气门比排气门大得多。在一些特种发动机里,如四十年代盛行的活塞式飞机发动机,它的进气门要比排气门大二倍多。
原创文章,作者:cesifu,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.cesifu.com/article/55027.html
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