现在的汽车制动系统是非常完备的,一般都有行车制动(脚刹车)、驻车制动(手刹车)、紧急制动以及辅助制动这几种制动方式,并且都是采用双管路制动系统,很少出现刹车失灵的故障。但是在某些特殊的情况下,比如刹车踏板卡死、真空助力器损坏、刹车油漏光、制动器热衰退、漏气压等,也会出现刹车失灵的现象。制动系统是汽车上最主要的安全装置,它失灵了无疑是非常危险的,特别是在下坡时刹车失灵,简直就是在鬼门关前行走。那么如果真的不幸遇到了这样的情况,我们应该怎么办呢?
首先我们来看看最常见的家庭轿车等乘用车。一般的乘用车只有行车制动系统和驻车制动系统(手刹车),其中的驻车制动系统(手刹车)兼有紧急制动系统的功能。当这种车型的刹车失灵的时候,我们可以用手刹车来给汽车制动减速。而乘用车上的驻车制动系统又分为两种,一种是常规的机械式的,还有一种是电子式的。对于这两种手刹车,处置刹车失灵的方式也是不同的。
首先来说说机械式的手刹车。机械式的手刹车就是用驻车制动手柄拉动一个制动拉索(钢绳),拉索带动制动器中的推杆推动制动蹄片与制动鼓压紧抱死,产生制动作用。注意,这种手刹车只能对后轮进行制动,而不能对全车进行制动。用这种手刹车对行进中的汽车进行制动时,一定要注意不要一下子把制动手柄拉到顶,而是要用手按住手柄的释放按钮,缓缓的拉起,再放下,然后再拉起,放下,反复多次,直到汽车的车速降下来为止。如果你一下子把手刹车拉到顶,汽车的后轮突然抱死,汽车会发生甩尾的现象,这种情况是极难挽救的,汽车很容易发生侧翻,非常危险。还有就是一下子拉死手刹车,巨大的制动力会反作用在制动拉索上,有可能将其拉断,那手刹车也彻底失去作用了。
再来说说电子式的手刹车。电子手刹有一个非常重要的功能,那就是动态紧急制动功能。如果在行车过程中发生极端情况,比如汽车的刹车突然失灵或驾驶员无法控制刹车(刹车踏板卡死、驾驶员睡着了等),此时只要拉住电子手刹的开关不松手(必须拉住,不能只拉一下就松开),就可以对车辆进行紧急制动。注意:此时车辆的制动并非机械的驻车制动,而是全车液压制动。此时的制动系统通过ESP控制单元以略小于全力刹车的力道对全部四个车轮进行液压制动,而当车辆接近静止状态时(时速低于7km/h),才能直接用电子手刹来降速或驻车。这一过程是由控制单元根据车速的不同,自动转换制动方式,人只需要按住电子手刹按钮即可。即便是车辆意外熄火(电路仍然接通),该功能依然有效。
以上两种处理方式,对于由于制动操作系统导致的制动失灵是有效的,比如刹车踏板卡死、真空助力失效等;如果是汽车的制动执行系统发生了故障,这样做也是无效的。比如汽车发生了制动热衰退,此时的车轮上根本就无法形成制动力,不论哪一种刹车都不起作用了,此时只能依靠发动机制动来减速;再比如刹车油泄漏,此时的电子手刹是不起作用的,但是机械式手刹仍然可用。
如果汽车的手刹车也失灵了的话,那就真的很难控住汽车了。如果车速不高的话,我们还可以用逐级降档的方式来给汽车减速;如果车速较高,就很难用逐级降档的方式来减速了,此时的操作难度非常高,一般的司机很难操作成功。在这种情况下我们只能找一个地方撞上去了,撞击时一定要用汽车的正面去碰撞,千万不要用侧面,否则导致汽车侧翻就更危险了。如果有紧急避险车道,冲入这里是最好的选择。
再来看看采用气压制动的卡车。在这种车型上一般都有断气制动的紧急制动系统和电涡轮减速、液力涡轮减速、排气制动等辅助制动系统。当由于某种原因导致刹车失灵时,只要拉上手刹车开关,后面的两个或四个车轮上的制动分泵失去了气压,就会在强力弹簧的作用下自动起制动作用,将车轮刹停。这个制动力是非常强大的,即使是在很陡的坡路上,也能可靠的将汽车停住。但是,如果是由于制动热衰退导致的制动失灵,手刹车也不起作用,此时只能依靠电涡轮减速、液力涡轮减速或排气制动等辅助制动系统来减速停车了,或者冲入紧急避险车道。如果这些也失去作用的话,那就只能听天由命了,就像去年兰州发生的事故一样,后果是极为悲惨的。
还有一点是大家必须注意的,那就是刹车失灵时千万不要挂空档,不论是手动档还是自动档,也不论是大卡车还是小轿车。因为汽车在档位上,发动机会有一个牵制的作用,会给车轮一个反作用力,让车轮减速,即发动机制动;如果挂在空档上,这个反作用力就传递不到车轮上了,发动机制动就消失了,汽车失去了最后的牵制力,失控的会更快、更严重。
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