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“零碳排放”“真正的清洁能源”这一系列名词成就氢燃料电池汽车最大的卖点,但时至今日它却为何迟迟没有普及?究其原因,无外乎受到成本大、核心技术不完善、安全问题无法保证等方面制约,可即便这样日本与韩国仍然孜孜不倦的追求着…
近年来,随着全球范围内节能环保的呼声越来越高,如何让汽车减排实现绿色出行成为时下造车领域最热门的话题之一。相比电动车,氢燃料电池汽车它所排放的是二氧化碳和水,可以实现真正的无污染,而且加注快、续航长,不受到季节影响,这些先天特性决定了氢燃料势必成为未来新能源汽车领域发展的新风向。
坐拥强大混动技术的丰田汽车,其实在氢能源车方面也有涉及。早在2015年,丰田Mirai氢能源电池汽车就已进入海外市场,该车最大的特点就是加氢5分钟可实现500公里的续航,而据丰田董事长内山田武称,Mirai将在2020年推出第二代产品。
与日本隔海相望的韩国也是极为重视氢能源车的发展,2013年上市的现代ix35氢能源版,成为全球首款量产且发售的氢燃料电池汽车。而在2019重庆国际智博会上,现代汽车又将最新一代氢燃料电池车NEXO公布于众。该车拥有现代汽车第四代氢燃料电池,充满一次燃料只需3-5分钟,工况续航里程可达800公里,这样的续航表现足以媲美目前市面绝大多数纯电动车。而这台NEXO车型所搭载现代氢燃料电池系统,也成为2019沃德十佳发动机名单中的一员,用实力再一次证明现代汽车对未来新能源汽车发展做出的努力。
对于氢燃料电池汽车来说,虽然在海外市场上取得一定成绩,但从目前来看还远远不及电动机汽车,其制约因素无外乎以下几点:
一、氢气提炼与提纯技术有待提升
众所周知,氢气不像天然气那样可以通过直接开采获得,只能通过提炼而成。以目前技术来看,最为成熟的办法就是电解水和煤制氢或者天然气制氢,而从这些地方提炼出来的氢气往往纯度无法保证氢燃料电池的寿命,相比电动车其性价比可见一斑。
二、整车制造成本大
目前限制氢能源大规模应用的最大问题就是成本。提炼厂大多用天然气制氢,每吨成本在8000元至10000元,费用较高。另外,为了让车辆减重从而获得更加出色的续航里程,氢燃料电池汽车不得不放弃笨重的高压燃料罐,改用昂贵的铝胆缠绕碳纤维储氢罐,直接导致高昂的整车制造成本。
三、“氢”安全该如何保证
相比纯电动汽车的动力电池,氢燃料电池汽车作为新兴造车领域,从制氢、储运、加氢、车载储氢等方面,氢安全无疑是大家最为关注的焦点,而今年六月发生在挪威的加氢站爆炸事件将氢燃料电池汽车再一次推到了风口浪尖。从初中化学我们就知道,因为氢元素天生比较”活泼”,属易燃易爆气体,一旦泄露与空气混合,后果不堪设想。
写到最后:
虽然韩国、日本,甚至其他欧洲国家大肆发展氢燃料电池汽车,用以改善环境解决能源枯竭问题,但从目前来看我个人认为“理想很丰满,现实很骨感”,毕竟相比纯电动汽车的动力电池,氢燃料电池的产业链和技术链太长,从制氢、储运、加氢、车载储氢,再到燃料电池电堆及发动机等等,技术环节十分繁琐,而这每个环节都会有技术难题需要突破。所以说,想要让氢燃料电池汽车从“GUCCI”变成“阿迪”,这条路还很漫长。
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