最近,刚刚发布没多久的保时捷Taycan可谓是赚足了眼球。当然,它的出现对于保时捷来说,甚至整个汽车界都是非常重要的。如果说特斯拉Model S打开了高性能豪华电动轿车的大门,那么Taycan则将这一级别车型的段位又提升了一大截。
在目前的汽车市场上,除了纯电驱动的车型外,混合动力车型也越来越吃香。油电混合动力、插电混合动力、48V轻混系统啥的都是神马意思?这些车型之间都有什么区别?虽然名字听上去都大同小异,但实际的工作原理却有些许不同。下面,咱们直接进入正题。
世界上第一辆混合动力的车型罗那保时捷(Lohner Porsche)在1899年就已诞生。大量生产的混合动力车则要到上世纪90年代才出现。另有一说,世上第一辆油电混合动力车,在1899年由皮帕(Pieper)研发。利用刹车时进行能量再生制动的设计要到1978年才由电机工程师 David Arthurs 发明。
首先解释下混合动力(Hybrid)
简单来说,混合动力车型是使用两种或两种以上能量来源驱动的,驱动系统可以有一套或多套。常用的能量来源有燃油、电池、燃料电池、太阳能电池、压缩气体等,而常用的驱动系统包含内燃机、电动机、涡轮机等技术。
油电混合(HEV)
油电混合很好理解,它是由燃油驱动内燃机,而电池驱动电动机。此类混合动力形式称为油电混合动力(HEV),目前市面上的混合动力车多属此种。
油电混合动力车型,在低速发动机效率不佳时,转而采用电动机的扭矩恒定优势,比纯内燃机车型有更好的燃油效率及加速表现。
油电混合最有代表性的车型要属丰田Prius了。这款问世于1997年混合动力小车,到2013年时全球销量已达300万辆,成为有史以来最畅销的油电混动车型。
插电混合(PHEV)
插电混合(PHEV)应该说是油电混合的进阶版,其最大区别在于,车辆能够透过充电桩或家用充电设备为车辆充电。
相比于HEV,PHEV的电池相对比较大,可以外部充电,也可以用纯电模式行驶更多里程。当电量耗尽后,还能够以内燃机作为主要动力行驶,并为电池充电。
同时,由于电池技术的不断进步,PHEV还能够充当临时供电设备,为短途旅行或其他电子设备充电。当然,如果发电厂使用可再生能源、碳排放量低的发电方法或在电力离峰时段充电,也能进一步降低车辆的碳排放量。
48V轻混(48V Mild Hybrid)
48V轻混(48V Mild Hybrid),原理其实很简单,就是通过把车用设备的标准电压提高到48V,使得它能够带动更大功率的车载系统,实现车辆电控系统更好的整合。
它最初的设计目的,是为了优化自动启停系统,大家都知道车辆启动的瞬间耗电量是最大的。它就像个分界线一样,在它诞生之前,汽车用的蓄电池电压都为12V。
48V系统相比传统的12V蓄电池,降低了线路损耗,同时电压的升高也可以有效改善起停电机、空调压缩机、冷却水泵等系统的工作时间,让发动机在停车状态最大限度不参与工作。其次是48V的电压更能满足锂电池快速实现能量回收的要求,能提供更好的燃油经济性。
当然,除了目前奥迪A8所使用的48V轻混系统,比较有代表性的还有通用凯迪拉克的XT5。全新XT5所采用的这套系统将电压提升至90V,这套系统与主流的48V的轻混动电器架构类似。
主流的轻混电器架构是采用独立的48V电压,常规电器元件采用的12V电压策略。两者的差别主要是在于轻混动系统所采用的电压、电控以及对驱动的辅助介入程度不同。不过,到底是90V轻混48V轻混哪个更好,还有待市场的考验。这里只是给大家做一个简单的介绍。
结语
近年来,由于市场大环境的改变、排放要求日趋严格以及国内新能源车政策的支持,混合动力车型也越来越多的出现在我们的视野中。当然,混合动力车型相比于传统燃油车,也在平顺性、动力性、燃油经济性甚至后期的维护保养都有这一定的优势。那么,看完本文后,你是否会选择一辆心仪的混合动力车呢?
往期回顾玩转黑科技的奥迪 怎么甘心做“灯厂”?“豪华”一定是国内自主品牌汽车难以逾越的坎吗?超载120余吨致无锡高架桥垮塌 超载究竟多可怕?成功穿越川藏路线送你新车,你会去么?大家都喜欢往排气筒里倒机油是为何?
原创文章,作者:cesifu,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.cesifu.com/article/61329.html
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