导语:2016年,中国汽车技术研究中心公布“2016年度第二批车型C-NCAP评价结果”,别克昂科威作为受测车型之一,以57分的综合成绩成为五星安全车型。同年,由上汽通用生产的别克昂科威接受了有全球最严汽车碰撞测试之称的IIHS,再次获得五星安全好评。
顺利通过两次考验,昂科威的车身构造到底有何优势,如何成就五星安全有何秘诀?抹去脂粉,看看昂科威素颜几何。
底子好,中美混血基础扎实
别克是美国通用汽车公司旗下的热门品牌, 是美国汽车品牌中的佼佼者。1992年通用汽车公司进入中国,与上海汽车集团股份有限公司共同出资组建上海通用汽车有限公司,拥有浦东金桥、烟台东岳、沈阳北盛和武汉四大生产基地,其中烟台东岳为别克生产基地。
别克是进入中国最早的汽车品牌之一,是上海通用旗下销量最高的汽车品牌,也是国内市场上最受欢迎的美国汽车品牌之一,昂科威作为别克旗下热门车型销量一直稳居美系SUV销量榜榜首,其五星安全是获得消费者青睐的重要因素之一。
应用广,BFI一体冲压车身
昂科威采用通用汽车独有的BFI一体式强化车身结构,这种结构最大的特点在于其大量使用高强度材料,这一点会在后文提到。事实上上汽通用旗下大部分车型均采用BFI车身结构,同为中端品牌的雪佛兰如此,身为高端品牌的凯迪拉克同样如此,也就是说BFI车身结构已经足够成熟。
车门是昂科威一体冲压的典型代表,相比焊接式车门,一体式车门成本虽然稍高,但在安全方面却能发挥非常重要的作用。一体式车门没有焊缝,受到碰撞不易断裂,所用材料的延展性、钢性足够优秀,因此整体强度是较强的。
结构优,八横四纵钢筋铁骨
轻量化归轻量化,但承载式车身相比非承载式车身结构刚性的确稍弱,意味着承载式车身不够安全。为了解决这个问题,昂科威才用八横四纵的钢梁设计,大量的钢梁构成“牢笼式”结构,将乘员舱包裹其中。
与大多数车辆不同,昂科威纵梁采用贯穿式设计,试想一下,一根完整的纵梁安全性显然高过焊接纵梁。同时车底6条横梁密集分布,而大多数车型仅有4条,与车顶两条横梁共同构成了“牢笼式”结构,再安装上钢板,昂科威车身与钢铁城堡无异。
昂科威大体结构够科学够安全,在细节方面的处理也很出色。昂科威车门采用双层钢板结构,前后门均有安装U字形侧防撞梁,并加装了加强筋,门下方则加装了门槛梁、工字形地板横梁,因此昂科威在侧碰测试会有优秀的表现也并不奇怪。同时昂科威在油箱周围也加装了大量防护梁,有效防止油箱在碰撞中受损,造成二次伤害。
用料足,真材实料匠心独具
科学合理的结构只是车身安全的影响因素之一,优质的选材和扎实的用料同样起着至关重要的作用。前面提到昂科威采用通用独有的BFI一体化车身结构,高强度钢材使用占比高达75%,超高强度钢材的运用达到13%,在同级车型中基本最为优秀。
如上图所示,图中黄色部分为高强度钢材,红色部分为超高强度钢材屈服强度在800Mp以上,最大抗拉强度达到1500Mpa,超过普通钢材最高强度的4倍。蓝色部分则为热成型钢,抗拉强度1300 Mpa,屈服强度950 Mpa,全车一共有28个零件使用这种钢材。
在众多交通事故中,追尾发生的概率是比较大的,这对车辆前、后防撞梁的材料、厚度均有较高的要求。昂科威前防撞梁使用铝合金,采用“工”字造型,“日”字结构,厚度为3.39mm,并有加强褶皱设计,相比大多数车型是很优秀的。
昂科威后防撞梁方面明显凸出车尾,发生追尾时,首先接触的会是防撞梁,其次才是车尾门,对乘员空间的影响更是有限。昂科威后防撞梁同样采用铝合金材质,采用弓形设计,厚度为1.65mm,在同级车型中表现也算不错。
技术精,激光钎焊无缝接合
结构好、用料足还不是构成完美车身的全部,还得需要先进的生产工艺。在汽车生产过程中对一体冲压工艺和焊接工艺要求通常是很高的,技术不到位,后果很严重,一体冲压处理不好会导致钢材强度不够,焊接工艺差则会到导致焊缝大,安全得不到保障。
一体冲压工艺包括热成型和滚压成型工艺,根据钢板特性,钢板强度越大,一体冲压难度越大。一体冲压使用的高强度钢板抗拉强度在450Mpa左右,而通过热成型工艺处理后抗拉强度可大1300Mpa以上,可见热成型工艺对昂科威的高强度车身是功不可没的。而钢材的精度、性能则需要先进的滚压成型工艺加持,精度越高,可靠性自然也会越高。
目前大多数主机厂在焊接环节仍会使用点焊,点焊工艺虽然成熟,但短板也很明显。采用点焊工艺时,加强材料连接强度的办法只能是加大焊接密度,但密度的加大也会出现虚焊的可能变大,钢材的强度仍然得不到保证。
而昂科威使用的激光钎焊技术则能很好的解决这一问题。激光钎焊最早运用与坦克生产,这种焊接工艺可以大幅提高加工精度,焊接后产生接缝非常精细,具有很强的完整性,这样的钢材强度相比点焊更加出色,运用在车顶焊接上既美观又可靠,同时还增强了密封性。
写在最后:
综上所述,别克昂科威是一款在车身安全方面是很出色的,优秀的结构、扎实的用料、精湛的工艺共同构成了昂科威的超强车身,当然光吹也不可信,但经历了三次碰撞测试的昂科威在车身安全方面都交出了满意的答卷,因此昂科威完全配得上五星安全的称号。
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